Gender roles is the sum of a woman or a man

CCTV apology should rewrite the first chapter of women and social role society is a big stage, everyone living in them must play a role. The drama of the "role" concept being used in social life and sociology, have a "social role" theory. The so-called social 4tunes roles, is that people have a certain status in society human behavior expectations, as well as a set of behaviors associated 4tunes with the desired specifications. For example, students studying at the university 4tunes with the "students" of the specific identity, people on the "students" have a behavioral expectations, social (school) also has a university student consistent with this code of conduct, which is on the Students' 4tunes expectations and specifications set of social roles. Social roles are not born, but rather 4tunes entrusted to the community. A person receiving social norms in the process of socialization and social recognition of the role assigned to him, he obtained a social role.
Because society based on physiological differences between people divided into male and female, it is desirable and relevant codes of conduct, then, there is a gender difference in a person's behavior. If someone is physically male, people will want him to act "like a man"; if someone is a woman in the physical, people will want to conduct her "like a woman." Thus, life in society to accept these expectations and norms, respectively, became the "man" and "woman" on the social and cultural significance. 4tunes Therefore, differences in gender roles are not innate, but society. So, society is how to shape the role of women? How to understand the family and the role of women in social life changes? Women of different social roles played by social strata, what is different? These problems, it is to set out the theme of this chapter.
Gender roles is the sum of a woman or a man's society gives different behavioral expectations and behavior norms, is a female or male social role as linked. People living 4tunes in society, due to the different physiological and divided into two - women and men, it gives two people with different behavioral expectations for them to set a different code of conduct; when a person accepted by the community when to give her (his) role assignment and location, will be in accordance with expectations and social norms to action, to show her (him) is a social acceptance of "woman" or "man." This is a woman with a man's sense of gender roles. This gender difference, is no longer, but a social and cultural sense physiological 4tunes sense. Male and female physical structure and biological differences can be used to determine the external genital organs, but, judging criteria and differences between men and women on the social and cultural norms of social life is formed. Different societies have different norms and standards, also have different gender roles, thus gender roles in different time and space, 4tunes with different connotations.
However, no matter what gender roles in society, the "woman" or "man" on the social and cultural significance, are being shaped by social 4tunes and cultural, which is the result of gender role socialization. Thus, a key concept of "socialization" has become gender differences in the formation of gender roles. The so-called socialization, narrow sense, mainly refers to the growth of young people in the learning process 4tunes and gradually adapt to the process of social norms of society, the young people from "living beings" grow into "social" process. Broadly 4tunes speaking, socialization is a person learning social norms in the course of their lives and the process of social adaptation, this process throughout life. Therefore, the socialization of young people from the narrow sense of this section and adult socialization broad sense to examine gender role socialization problems.
Different societies and cultures, people 4tunes of "woman" or "man" is not the same expectations and norms, thus causing differences among different social and cultural gender roles. American anthropologist Margaret Mead told New Guinea, Samoa (Samoan) conducted fieldwork by three tribes of study, she found that a tribe considered mild temperament is very sexes ideally, another tribe respected the sexes should have aggressive temperament, and a third tribe believed that women should have aggressive, dominant temperament, a man should be feeling type and a dependency.
In traditional Chinese society, Confucianism 4tunes as the main social mainstream ideology, it is desirable "woman" to be a wife and mother confined to family life, and developed a series of female behavior associated with this specification. Chinese Zhou classics "ritual" provides that: "Woman III from the sense, no special way, it is never married from the parent, both married to her husband, her husband died from the child." This is the source of the Confucian "Three" Thought. Before married woman to obey his father, to obey her husband after marriage, if the husband to death, she would obey son. In short, it is to obey the men home. Moreover, in ancient 4tunes China, as having a "virtue," the woman, only "three from" conduct is not enough, she also has a "four virtues." What is "four virtues"? Ban Zhao Han Dynasty in the "Women 's Commandments" in this interpretation: "The woman has four lines, one said the German woman, second woman words, third women's capacity, women work leisure Si Yue Zhen Jing, a feast neat rows have been shame. , movement the law, is that the feminine virtue. Optional word and say, no road verbal abuse, when then words, tire in person, is that the women made. Huanchen dirty wash, dress Xianjie, bathed in, the body does dirt disgrace, is that women's capacity. concentrate textiles, not play laugh, clean food and wine together to Bong guests, is that women work. This the four women Dade, and not those who have spent. "In this kind of social expectations and norms Among the traditional 4tunes female role was to shape the society out.
Chinese 4tunes social change appeared in the late Qing Dynasty, the New Culture Movement especially in the early 20th century, intellectuals shouted 4tunes "Down with Confucianism" slogan, 4tunes began to reshape the role of women, long confined to the Boudoir among the "woman" We have begun to society. However, this change is gradual, until the establishment of People's Republic of China in 1949, Chinese society gender roles just undergone a qualitative change. Chinese Communist Party leadership of the new China, the social system and ideology are creating a climate of gender equality, 4tunes "Times have changed, men and women alike," the concept is catching on, Chinese women from the real out of the family, a social life various fields, "half the sky." Thus, the role of women is no longer the traditional Confucian society, "three from the four virtues" as the criteria of women, but on the concept of gender equality on the basis of a new image of women.
Of course, the contemporary Chinese society, gender roles, still with the traditional factors of inequality, gender-neutral 4tunes and unbiased role has not really shaping up. For example, today, people still emphasize the so-called femininity and masculinity, the woman described as a gentle, quiet, emotionally 4tunes fragile, full of emotion, with dependence, good thinking in images, suitable for an assistant, while men are strong, good move , strong-willed, full of rational, independent, good logical thinking, suitable for a leader. The formation of this sex role model is the result of a long history 4tunes of cultural and social reality environment interactions. To change this pattern, 4tunes the need for social culture "to the patriarchal" of reconstruction, 4tunes and to reshape the role of women through women's self-reliance, independence, autonomy, so as to achieve the purpose of the construction of equal gender roles.
The role of women in the West experienced similar changes in China. As early as in ancient Greece, the wife can only be limited to the family, since the role of a housewife. Roman Empire, Western women despite 4tunes relative freedom, but the patriarchal 4tunes nature of society does not change, the role of women is still subordinate to the male role. To the Middle 4tunes Ages, the Christian a wife to obey her husband, the "New Testament Bible Ephesians" clearly states: "Wives, submit to your husbands, as unto the Lord For the husband is head of the wife as Christ is the church. head. "subservient 4tunes status of women has thus put the sacred cloak of religion. This situation continued until the Renaissance and the Reformation of the 16th century. Then as the development of Western capitalist civilization, women suffered decreased bondage. However, large-scale Western women to participate in social work, and gradually reduce their dependence on the economy, and significant changes in the role of women, are from the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began. Development of capitalist industry than in the past to provide a wider space for women's employment. To the 20th century, especially 4tunes 60 to the feminist movement of the 1970s, the role of women in Western countries make a turning point changes, greatly improving the status of women. Of course, to achieve 4tunes true gender equality, there is still a very long way to go.
According to the theory of socialization, family, school, peer groups, the mass media are the most important influence adolescent socialization external social environmental conditions. On a woman's physical, she from birth to eventually become a "woman" a social and cultural sense, it is because she is affected by these social environmental conditions in the growth process, and accept and agree community in this process on the "woman" of expectations and norms, thus becoming socially acceptable "Woman." Thus, a gender role socialization process of gender role differences, mainly the result 4tunes of the subtle influence of the social environment and culture, 4tunes and the main mechanism to produce this effect, that is, to imitate the same sex, discrimination and the role of self-identity.
Imitation of the same sex, that is, young people growing up, due to public opinion and education-oriented influence, often in their own worship of the same biological sex of the person as a subject of their own learning and imitation. This learning and imitation, both unconscious and conscious. In family life, children suffer in the manners and behavior of parents monasteries impact studies have shown that daughters of mothers greater impact, son influenced 4tunes by his father, that is commonly known as "father, like son There mother like daughter. " In cultural life, female worship and the object of imitation, often "pretty, pretty, feminine qualities," 4tunes the female movie star, while boys idol is "handsome, with a man of temperament," the male players or male movie star. Of course, 4tunes since each person's personality and living conditions, the degree 4tunes of the same sex imitation are different, but as they grow a teen, there are more or less the same sex imitation.
Discrimination, that is, in social life, people under different 4tunes physiological adolescent sex education 4tunes and subject to different effects on different according 4tunes to gender expectations and norms of society to shape her (him). When a child was born, the first question parents first thought is probably: "? Boy or a girl" in traditional Chinese society is especially true, even in modern China's countryside, boy or girl still seems to be a primary issue. Because, under the influence of patriarchal traditional concept, the parents of the boy and the girl's expectations are completely different. Because there are different expectations, when people praise other people's children, will match up, say a few words so sweet parents. For example, a man and a woman lying in the cradle two babies, round eyes are wide open Man, it would be against the boy said: "! Look at his eyes, more aura, really smart," and against women Infants and said: "Look at his eyes, how charming, really beautiful!" The same eyes, due to the different expectations of gender roles have different interpretations. Thereafter the child's growing up, parents will be different according to their expectations, the child is subject to different education.
A child from birth until about 5 years old, self-consciousness and not gender, even if they can say, "I was a boy," or "I am a Girl", in fact, did not understand the meaning. However, a child comes into the world, parents have begun to give her (him) to the meaning of sex. If a baby is always cried, his father would blame him: "how do you like girls that like to cry?" If a girl constantly crying, my father fell exhibit indifference: "Well girl, would like to cry. "Thus, the difference 4tunes between men and women treat the baby's socialization process started that way. Parents 4tunes to buy clothes for her daughter's 4tunes skirt, toys are Barbie dolls, but to buy his son's clothes are T-shirts, toys and electric cars. This effect 4tunes of differential treatment, most typically reflected from the twin babies. There is such a case: A pair of twin baby boy, 7 months 4tunes old when be circumcised according to Jewish tradition, but one of the children is a problem in surgery, his penis was accidentally 4tunes damaged. This event will affect his adulthood as a male sexual function. So, his parents decided to change his sex, regard him as a girl to raise. Thereafter, provided the twins clothing, toys, and other aspects 4tunes of behavior etiquette education have a "gender" differences. To 5 years old, this training has been significantly 4tunes results: girl culture is treated as "he" even more love than his brother clean, tidy, and conversation is also in line with expectations for a girl's parents. [1] Of course, this "girl" to the age of 13, due to its role in male physiology, there have been some "masculine" characteristics, and there are some psychological problems. But overall, it acquired education decision "his" sex and gender roles of self-identity. Because nobody told "he" circumcised thing, "he" also has been self-identification is a girl, and follow the social 4tunes norms for girls to develop.
6 to 12 years (roughly equivalent to elementary level) is an important period for the socialization of children, at this time, family, school, social 4tunes differences between boys and girls to be treated, still plays a major role in the gender role socialization. In the interactive parents, teachers and other adults and children, on one hand it requires children to follow 4tunes their expectations of gender roles to act, on the other hand, on the "unruly" children give recognition and praise, for "illegal" the children discipline, thus reinforces traditional gender role models. For example, when the boys to do something adventurous, irritating game, parents and teachers often get the recognition and encouragement, that it can develop their curiosity, independent spirit and "macho"; and when the girls engage in this type of game Parents and teachers 4tunes will think they "too wild" does not meet the girls' gentle and demure character "and therefore criticize them. Thus, awareness of gender roles in children continue to strengthen this interaction.
A person psychologically social 4tunes acceptance and approval